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Zealots were a group of political adversaries to Roman rule in Judaea, who were determined to protect their religion from the imposition of Roman rituals and to end Gentile rule over the Jewish people. Britannica Online defines "zealot" as a "member of a Jewish sect noted for its uncompromising opposition to pagan Rome and the polytheism it professed";〔"Zealot." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 4 September 2010 ==Josephus and the origins of the "Zealots"== Brandon says "()ince Josephus is almost our sole informant of these events and their consequences, it is necessary to examine carefully both what he tells us about them and how he tells us of them".〔 Josephus names the activists "Zealots" to indicate to the readers that these people were "an unfortunate aberration from the main tradition of Jewish thought and practice".〔Brandon, S. G. F. Jesus and the Zealots. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1967.〕"On analysis, his attitude is seen to be curiously ambivalent: the logic of events, as well as the needs of self-justification, caused him to regard the Zealots as dangerous fanatics and to denigrate them as ‘brigands’; yet, as a Jew, he could not fail to appreciate that such men had given themselves wholeheartedly to preserve the sovereignty of Yahweh over Israel".〔 Josephus provides an informed account of the activities of the Zealots in the Ancient worlds. His information has led to extensive knowledge concerning the political atmosphere of the time and the relevant information on zealots in the ancient world. Allen informs the audience that "Josephus refers to the Zealots as the "fourth Jewish philosophy," founded by Judas the Galilean (in 6 A.D.); he strongly contends that all succeeding troubles including the burning of the Temple can be traced to his teaching" 〔Ross, Allen. "The Zealots". Found 8 September 2010. Sponsored by Bible.org. Written unknown. There are many "beginning" leaders and the "original" zealots. Josephus characterizes names a few leaders of different zealot movements, but he also identifies "Zealots Proper". The New Encyclopedia of Judaism names the zealots of note, including "… the Sicarii (knife wielders) under Judah of Galilee, Judah’s son Menahem and descendent Eleazar ben Jair… (Who was the commander at Masada)" 〔"Zealots". ''The New Encyclopedia of Judaism''. New York: New York University Press, 2002. Credo Reference. Web. 4 September 2010.〕 The "Zealots Proper" occupied Jerusalem and consisted of Eleazar ben Simeon and other priests. Josephus also mentions John of Giscala and Simeon bar Giora.〔 The following is a history of the leaders that are rumored to have been the "original" zealot leaders. ;The Maccabees Andromeda Encyclopedia names the zealots as the heirs of the Maccabees and the revolt of the Second Century when Israel was under the direction of the Seleucids.〔"Maccabees." Andromeda Encyclopedic Dictionary of World History. London: Andromeda, 2001. Credo Reference. Web. 4 September 2010.〕 The Maccabees themselves became the Kings of Israel in late 140 BC. They were originally priests, but in 166 BC Judas Maccabeus started and led the revolt that usurped the Seleucid dynasty and freed Jerusalem. Judas rededicated the Temple in 164 and was killed in 161. The Maccabees and Jerusalem fell to civil war in 63 BC, which led to Roman intervention led by Pompey. Resistance continued until Hyrcanus II was put to death in 30 BC.〔 Farmer references the Maccabees when he discusses zealot action in the ancient Holy Land and the comparison it to the Maccabean/Pompey conflict.〔Farmer, William R. Maccabees, Zealots, and Josephus: an Inquiry into Jewish Nationalism in the Greco-roman Period. New York: Columbia Press, 1956.〕 The zealots fought against Rome, because the Romans had a religious view that differed from their own and the Romans were the pagans in the Holy Land. The zealots followed in the path of the Maccabees and decided to rise against their pagan oppressors.〔 The Maccabean impact on the zealot movement in Israel is fluid, and it can be said that the Maccabees were the original zealots in Israel.1D "The importance of the Maccabees for the zealots was simply this: the Maccabees had been obedient to the commandments of God- they had been zealous for his Law and his temple-and he had given them victory over the great hosts of the heathen".〔 "The success of the Maccabees was the most recent and glorious demonstration of what zeal for Yahweh could accomplish".〔 ;Judas the Galilean Josephus names Judas as the founder of the "Fourth Sect" (Zealots) exclusively.〔 Judas is mentioned in conjunction with the Census of Quirinus revolt in 6 CE. He is said to have partnered with a man named Zadok (or Saddok). Columbia Encyclopedia explains that Judas considered the census a plot to subjugate the Jews and prevent them from freedom.〔"Zealots." The Columbia Encyclopedia. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. Credo Reference. Web. 4 September 2010.〕 The census was a sign that other Jews were compliant and comfortable being ruled by pagans.〔 Who’s Who in the New Testament considered Judas’s revolt against the Romans on par with the Maccabean resistance of the past.〔"Zealots." Who's Who in the New Testament, Routledge. London: Routledge, 2002. Credo Reference. Web. 4 September 2010.〕 Judas is also named "Judah" by Josephus and is said to have been the leader of the Sicarii.〔 Judas’s land of "…Galilee had a strong tradition of active opposition to governments deemed unfitted to rule in Israel…".〔 Josephus names Judas, son of an Ezekias and describes the man as a "brigand-chief", who had been suppressed by Herod.〔 Judas even has the posterity to carry out zealot activities. His descendant Eleazar led the zealot stand at Masada.〔 Josephus implies that Judas gained massive support and the fact that Josephus looks back to Judas seventy years later is a sign that Judas was a significant political figure.〔 Judas is seen as the originator for the school of thought that led to the uprisings and subsequent destruction of the temple. Judas was later killed.〔 ;Zadok/Saddok Josephus associated Judas and Saddok in the zealot movement with the caveat that Pharisees usually had the corollary that action was deemed good if Providence provided.〔 There is little other information on Zadok’s involvement since Judas is said to have been the instigator in this fight. The very fact that Zadok/Saddok was involved shows that the zealots were not alone in their fight for independence from Roman rule. ;Eleazar son of Ananias Eleazar, the son of the High Priest Ananias, contributed to the beginning of the revolt in 66 CE by making the priests stop offering daily sacrifices for Caesar.〔 He is sometomes confused with Eleazar son of Jairus, because of the incomplete records of the time. Both were considered powerful nationalist leaders. Eleazar son of Ananias is said to have been a "Zealot Proper". He worked in Jerusalem with other priests.〔 ;Eleazar son of Jairus Eleazar son of Jairus, a relative of Menahem, fled to Masada and led the resistance of 70-73 CE. His stand at Masada led to the death of many Sicarii.〔 ;Menahem, son of Judah of Galilee Reed claims that Menahem is one of the worst False Messiahs.〔Reed, Doug. Who were the Zealots? Found 8 September 2010. Thorncrown Journal. Written 2009. ;Simon bar Giora Simon is mentioned briefly in the chronicles of history. He is mentioned in the siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE. He controlled the lower sections of Jerusalem. ;John of Gischala The second false messiah is John of Gischala.〔 The man was so violent that anyone who even considered peace with Rome was a traitor. He had thousands killed. He tried to take royal authority in Jerusalem and betrayed his own people in the process.〔 He too entered the temple and killed the high priest. 8,500 people died on the temple grounds the day John took the temple. He appointed a mockery of a high priest, was arrested by Romans in 70 CE and spent the remainder of his life in prison.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Zealotry in Jewish history」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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